Для профилактики антибиотики: Можно ли принимать антибиотики для профилактики? | Здоровая жизнь | Здоровье

Специалисты призвали не пить антибиотики для профилактики коронавируса Специалисты призвали не пить антибиотики для профилактики коронавируса.

Самолечение антибиотиками и противовирусными средствами не поможет в профилактике коронавируса, а скорее навредит.

Об этом рассказал координатор партпроекта «Единой России» «Здоровое будущее», председатель комитета Госдумы по охране здоровья Дмитрий Морозов. У каждой болезни и у любого инфекционного процесса есть стадии, отметил Морозов, слова которого приводит пресс-служба ЕР. В разные стадии нужно использовать разные препараты, передает ria.ru

«Если мы берем коронавирусную инфекцию, то она имеет некую вирусную стадию, а потом, когда вирус ослабляет иммунитет, активизируются бактерии и возникает так называемая вирусно-бактериальная смешанная пневмония. Вот здесь нужно применять антибиотик, но не раньше. Потому что сам по себе антибиотик угнетает иммунитет. То есть вы пьете, как вам кажется, лекарство, а в этот момент ваш иммунитет страдает, и вы получаете прямо обратный эффект», — заявил Морозов.

Он обратил внимание на то, что никакие «специфически направленные терапии» — противовирусные средства или антибиотики — ни в коем случае нельзя назначать себе самостоятельно. Как только человек прекращает пить противовирусные препараты, он может попасть «не просто в исходную точку состояния иммунитета, а в точку, которую трудно прогнозировать», подчеркнул он.

«Есть такое выражение – нельзя наесться и выспаться впрок. Его можно использовать, в том числе, имея в виду иммунитет. Мы, врачи, не устаем повторять, что собой надо заниматься всегда. Нельзя дождаться эпидемии и экстренно попытаться выстроить свою жизнь и иммунитет за считанные дни. Но можно попробовать в период самоизоляции уделить себе максимальное внимание», — добавил депутат.

Морозов уточнил, что иммунитет поможет укрепить сбалансированное питание, сон и отдых. Кроме того, организму необходимы жирорастворимые витамины – А, Е, К, D, а также витамин С. Важно пропивать курсами витамины и микроэлементы в течение года, но и здесь следует «придерживаться принципа «не навреди».

«Не думайте, что четыре таблетки лучше, чем одна. Это не так. Вылечить гипервитаминоз (переизбыток витаминов) сложнее, чем гиповитаминоз», — пояснил депутат.

90000 Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children 90001 90002 Thirty-three studies (6352 participants) were included. Probiotics assessed included 90003 Bacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium butyricum 90004, 90003 Lactobacilli spp. 90004, 90003 Lactococcus spp., Leuconostoc cremoris 90004, 90003 Saccharomyces spp., 90004 or 90003 Streptococcus spp., 90004 alone or in combination. The 90013 risk 90014 of 90015 bias 90014 was determined to be high in 20 studies and low in 13 studies.Complete case (patients who did not complete the studies were not included in the 90017 analysis 90014) results from 33 trials reporting on the incidence of diarrhea show a precise benefit from probiotics compared to active, 90019 placebo 90014 or no treatment 90021 control 90014. 90023 90002 After 5 days to 12 weeks of follow-up, the incidence of AAD in the probiotic group was 8% (259/3232) compared to 19% (598/3120) in the 90025 control group 90014 (90027 RR 90014 0.45, 95% 90029 CI 90014 0.36 to 0.56; I² = 57%, 6352 participants; NNTB 9, 95% 90029 CI 90014 7 to 13; moderate certainty evidence). Nineteen studies had loss to follow-up ranging from 1% to 46%. After making assumptions for those lost, the observed benefit was still 90033 statistically significant 90014 using an extreme plausible intention-to-treat (ITT) 90017 analysis 90014, wherein the incidence of AAD in the probiotic group was 12% (436/3551) compared to 19% (664/3468) in the 90025 control group 90014 (7019 participants; 90027 RR 90014 0.61; 95% 90029 CI 90014 0.49 to 0.77; 90043 P 90014 <0.00001; I² = 70%). An a priori available case 90045 subgroup 90014 90017 analysis 90014 exploring 90049 heterogeneity 90014 indicated that high dose (≥ 5 billion CFUs per day) is more effective than low probiotic dose (<5 billion CFUs per day), interaction 90043 P 90014 value = 0.01 . For the high dose studies the incidence of AAD in the probiotic group was 8% (162/2029) compared to 23% (462/2009) in the 90025 control group 90014 (4038 participants; 90027 RR 90014 0.37; 95% 90029 CI 90014 0.30 to 0.46; 90043 P 90014 = 0.06; moderate certainty evidence). For the low dose studies the incidence of AAD in the probiotic group was 8% (97/1155) compared to 13% (133/1059) in the 90025 control group 90014 (2214 participants; 90027 RR 90014 0.68; 95% 90029 CI 90014 0.46 to 1.01; 90043 P 90014 = 0.02). Again, assumptions for loss to follow-up using an extreme plausible ITT 90017 analysis 90014 was 90033 statistically significant 90014. For high dose studies the incidence of AAD in the probiotic group was 13% (278/2218) compared to 23% (503/2207) in 90025 control group 90014 (4425 participants; 90027 RR 90014 0.54; 95% 90029 CI 90014 0.42 to 0.70; 90043 P 90014 <0.00001; I² = 68%; moderate certainty evidence). 90023 90002 None of the 24 trials (4415 participants) that reported on adverse events reported any serious adverse events attributable to probiotics. Adverse event rates were low. After 5 days to 4 weeks follow-up, 4% (86/2229) of probiotics participants had an adverse event compared to 6% (121/2186) of 90021 control 90014 participants (90085 RD 90014 0.00; 95% 90029 CI 90014 - 0.01 to 0.01; 90043 P 90014 <0.00001; I² = 75%; low certainty evidence). Common adverse events included rash, nausea, gas, flatulence, abdominal bloating, and constipation. 90023 90002 After 10 days to 12 weeks of follow-up, eight studies recorded 90093 data 90014 on our secondary 90095 outcome 90014, the 90097 mean 90014 duration of diarrhea; with probiotics reducing diarrhea duration by almost one day (90099 MD 90014 -0.91; 95% 90029 CI 90014 -1.38 to -0.44; 90043 P 90014 <0.00001; low certainty evidence).One 90105 study 90014 reported on microbiome characteristics, reporting no difference in changes with concurrent antibiotic and probiotic use. 90023.90000 Antibiotics For UTI Treatment: What Are My Options? 90001 90002 Medically reviewed by Leigh Ann Anderson, PharmD Last updated on Jun 4, 2019. 90003 90002 What is a UTI | Which antibiotic to use | Common side effects | Antibiotic resistance | New antibiotics | OTC antibiotics | Recurring UTIs | Treatment without antibiotics | Cranberry juice | More resources 90003 90006 What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)? 90007 90002 If you have ever experienced the frequent urge to go the bathroom with painful and burning urination, you have probably experienced a urinary tract infection (UTI).UTIs are one of the most common types of infections, accounting for over 10 million visits to health care providers each year. Roughly 40% of women experience a UTI at some time, and in women, it is the most common infection. Healthcare costs related to UTIs exceed $ 1.6 billion per year. 90003 90002 A urinary tract infection (UTI) can happen anywhere along your urinary tract, which includes the kidneys (the organ that filters the blood to make urine), the ureters (the tubes that take urine from each kidney to the bladder), the bladder (stores urine), or the urethra (the tube that empties urine from the bladder to the outside).Most UTIs occur in the bladder and urethra. Common symptoms include frequent need to urinate, burning while urinating, and pain in lower abdomen area. 90003 90002 There are different types of UTIs based on where the bacteria goes. A lower urinary tract infection occurs when bacteria gets into the urethra and is deposited up into the bladder - this is called cystitis. Infections that get past the bladder and up into the kidneys are called pyelonephritis. 90003 90002 90015 Urinary tract infection symptoms may include: 90016 90003 90018 90019 Pain or burning upon urination 90020 90019 A frequent or urgent need to urinate 90020 90019 Passing small amounts of urine 90020 90019 Blood in the urine or or pink-stained urine 90020 90019 Urines that looks cloudy 90020 90019 Strong-smelling urine 90020 90019 Pain, cramping in the pelvis or pubic bone area, especially in women 90020 90033 90002 Upper UTIs which include the kidney (pyelonephritis) may also present with symptoms of fever, chills, back or side (flank) pain, and nausea or vomiting.90003 90002 Older patients may have an atypical presentation that includes altered mental status, lethargy, and weakness. 90003 90002 An infection of the tube that empties urine from the bladder to the outside is called urethritis, or an inflammation of the urethra. Urethritis symptoms can include burning with urination and a discharge. Urethritis is often caused by a sexually transmitted infection and may require a different antibiotic than those used to treat UTIs. 90003 90006 Causes 90007 90002 Most UTIs in women (roughly 85%) are caused by a bacteria known as 90043 Escherichia coli 90044 (E.coli). Other types of bacteria, such as 90043 Staphylococcus saprophyticus 90044 may infrequently be present. 90003 90002 UTI symptoms in women and men are similar. However, urinary tract infections occur more frequently in women than in men. This is because a woman's urethra (the tube that empties urine from the bladder) is shorter and closer to the anus than in men, allowing easier entry of bacteria like E. coli into the urethra. 90003 90002 Menopause, lowered levels of estrogen, and elevated vaginal pH also increase the risk of a UTI.Women are also more likely to get an infection after sexual activity or when using a diaphragm and spermicide for birth control. 90003 90002 Other risk factors for the development of UTIs include catheter use, urinary tract structural abnormalities, diabetes, and a suppressed immune system. 90003 90006 Which antibiotic should be used to treat a UTI? 90007 90002 There are multiple types of antibiotics used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs). Different treatments may be recommended in different areas of the country based on regional patterns of antibiotic resistance.90003 90002 Most patients with an uncomplicated UTI will begin treatment without any special diagnostic test, although a urinalysis may be performed by taking a urine sample. In a urinalysis, the chemical components of the urine are determined, and the doctor may look at urine color, clarity, and a view a sample under the microscope. A urine culture may be order, too, but is not always needed to start treatment. A urine culture can define the specific bacteria causing the UTI in more complicated cases or in the case of treatment failure.90003 90002 Symptoms like burning and stinging while urinating will usually clear up in within one day after starting treatment. Be sure to finish your entire course of medication. If symptoms are still present after 2 to 3 days, contact your healthcare provider. 90003 90002 More extensive diagnostic procedures or imaging tests like an X-ray may be required if you continue to have frequent UTIs. 90003 90064 What oral antibiotics are used to treat an uncomplicated UTI in women? 90065 90002 90015 The following oral antibiotics are commonly used to treat most uncomplicated UTI infections (acute cystitis): 90016 90003 90002 Your doctor will choose your antibiotic based on your history, type of UTI, local resistance patterns, and cost-considerations.First-line options are usually selected from nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Amoxicillin / clavulanate (Augmentin) and certain cephalosporins, for example cefpodoxime, cefdinir, or cefaclor may be appropriate options when first-line options can not be used. 90003 90002 Length of treatment for cystitis can range from a single, one-time dose, to a course of medication over 5 to 7 days. Kidney infections may require injectable treatment, hospitalization, as well as a longer course of antibiotic, depending upon severity of the infection.90003 90002 Sometimes a UTI can be self-limiting in women, meaning that the body can fight the infection without antibiotics; however, most uncomplicated UTI cases can be treated quickly with a short course of oral antibiotics. Never use an antibiotic that has been prescribed for someone else. 90003 90002 In men with symptoms that do not suggest a conplicated UTI, treatment can be the same as women. In men with complicated UTIs and / or symptoms of prostatitis are not present, men can be treated for 7 days with a fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin).Tailor therapy once urine cultures are available. 90003 90064 Are quinolones safe? 90065 90002 The fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and levofloxacin (Levaquin) have also been commonly used for 90015 simple UTIs 90016; however, FDA safety recommendations strongly suggest that this class be reserved for more serious infections and only be used if other appropriate antibiotics are not an option. 90003 90018 90019 An FDA safety review found that both oral and injectable fluoroquinolones (also called "quinolones") are associated with serious and potentially disabling side effects involving tendons, muscles, joints, nerves and the central nervous system.90020 90019 These adverse effects can occur soon after administration to weeks after exposure, and may potentially be permanent. 90020 90019 Patients should discuss the use of fluoroquinolones and their side effects with their healthcare provider. 90020 90033 90002 However, certain oral fluoroquinolones may be appropriate for more complicated UTIs, including pyelonephritis and complicated UTIs in men with prostate involvement. For the outpatient treatment of uncomplicated 90015 pyelonephritis 90016, the following quinolones may be appropriate.Based on resistance patterns (> 10%), an inital dose of a long-acting parenteral antimicrobial, such as ceftriaxone, may be needed, or a 24-hour dose of an aminoglycoside. 90003 90002 Patients should be informed of the most current FDA warnings surrounding the use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. 90003 90064 Will I need an intravenous (IV) antibiotic for a UTI? 90065 90002 If you are pregnant, have a high fever, or can not keep food and fluids down, your doctor may admit you to the hospital so you can have treatment with intravenous (IV) antibiotics for a complicated UTI.You may return home and continue with oral antibiotics when your infection starts to improve. 90003 90002 In areas with fluoroquinolone resistance exceeding 10%, in patients with more severe pyelonephritis, those with a complicated UTI who have allergies to fluoroquinolones, or are unable to tolerate the drug class, intravenous therapy with an agent such as ceftriaxone, or an aminoglycoside, such as gentamicin or tobramycin, may be appropriate. Your ongoing treatment should be based on susceptibility data received from the laboratory.90003 90006 Common side effects with antibiotic use 90007 90002 Each antibiotic is responsible for its own unique list of side effects, and the list is usually extensive. Be sure to discuss your individual antibiotic side effects with your healthcare provider. However, there are side effects that are common to most antibiotics, regardless of class or drug: 90003 90018 90019 90015 Vaginal yeast infections or oral thrush (candida species): 90016 Antibiotics may also change the normal flora balance in the vagina and lead to a fungal overgrowth.90043 Candida albicans 90044 is a common fungus normally present in small amounts in the vagina and does not usually cause disease or symptoms. However, vaginal candidiasis may occur when there is limited competition from bacteria due to antibiotic treatment. 90114 90020 90019 90015 Abdominal (stomach) upset: 90016 Antibiotics are frequently linked with stomach upset such as nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite (anorexia), stomach pain, or heartburn (dyspepsia). Taking your antibiotic with a snack or a meal may help to decrease stomach upset, if you do not need to take it on an empty stomach.If your medication causes you to vomit, contact your doctor immediately for an alternative. 90114 90020 90019 90015 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea: 90016 Antibiotics may commonly lead to uncomplicated antibiotic-associated diarrhea or loose stools, that will clear up after the antibiotic is stopped. Broad-spectrum antibiotics can also kill the normal gut flora ( «good bacteria) and lead to an overgrowth of infectious bacteria, such as 90043 Clostridium difficile 90044 (C. difficile).If the diarrhea is severe, bloody, or is accompanied by stomach cramps or vomiting, a physician should be contacted to rule out C. difficile. The most common antibiotics implicated in antibiotic-associated diarrhea are amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, and clarithromycin. 90114 90020 90019 90015 Stevens Johnson Syndrome (SJS), Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN): 90016 Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare but serious allergic drug reactions.Skin reactions like rash, skin peeling, and mucous membranes sores can occur and may be life-threatening. Antibiotics such as sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones may result in SJS and TEN. 90020 90033 90002 90015 Related 90016: Common Side Effects from Antibiotics, Allergies and Reactions 90003 90006 What about antibiotic resistance? 90007 90002 Resistance rates for antibiotics are always variable based on local patterns in the community and specific risk factors for patients, such as recent antibiotic use, hospital stay or travel.If you have taken an antibiotic in the last 3 months or traveled internationally, be sure to tell your doctor. 90003 90002 High rates of antibiotic resistance are being seen with both ampicillin and amoxicillin for cystitis (E. coli), although amoxicillin / clavulanate (Augmentin) may still be an option. Other oral treatments with reported increasing rates of resistance include sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim DS, Septra DS) and the fluoroquinolones. Resistance rates for the oral cephalosporins and amoxicillin / clavulanate are still usually less than 10 percent.90003 90002 Always finish taking your entire course of antibiotic unless your doctor tells you to stop. Keep taking your antibiotic even if you feel better and you think you do not need your antibiotic anymore. 90003 90002 If you stop your treatment early, your infection may return quickly and you can develop resistance to the antibiotic you were using previously. Your antibiotic may not work as well the next time you use it. 90003 90006 Latest antibiotics for UTIs 90007 90002 The latest FDA antibiotic approvals for UTIs include: 90003 90002 90015 Vabomere 90016 90003 90018 90019 Vabomere (meropenem and vaborbactam) is a combination carbapenem antibiotic and beta-lactamase inhibitor.Vabomere was first approved in August of 2017. 90020 90019 Vabomere is used for the treatment of adult patients with 90015 complicated urinary tract infections 90016 (including pyelonephritis) due to susceptible 90043 Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae species complex 90044. 90020 90019 Vabomere is given as an intravenous infusion every 8 hours. Dosage adjustments are required in patients with varying degrees of kidney impairment. 90020 90033 90002 90015 Zemdri 90016 90003 90018 90019 Zemdri (plazomicin) is an aminoglycoside antibacterial for the treatment of 90015 complicated urinary tract infections 90016, including pyelonephritis.Zemdri was first approved in February of 2015. 90020 90019 Zemdri is used against certain 90043 Enterobacteriaceae 90044 in patients who have limited or no alternative treatment options. Zemdri is an intravenous infusion, administered once daily. 90020 90033 90002 90015 Avycaz 90016 90003 90018 90019 Avycaz (ceftazidime and avibactam) is a cephalosporin and beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination used for 90015 complicated UTIs 90016, including pyelonephritis, in adult and pediatric patients 3 months and older, and without alternative treatment options.Avycaz was first approved in February of 2015. 90020 90019 Avycaz is used for complicated UTIs caused by the following susceptible Gram-negative microorganisms: 90043 Escherichia coli 90044, 90043 Klebsiella pneumoniae 90044, 90043 Enterobacter cloacae 90044, 90043 Citrobacter freundiicomplex 90044, 90043 Proteus mirabilis 90044, and 90043 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 90044. 90020 90019 Avycaz is given as an intravenous infusion every 8 hours. Dosage adjustments are required in patients with varying degrees of kidney impairment.90020 90033 90002 90015 Zerbaxa 90016 90003 90018 90019 Zerbaxa (ceftolozane and tazobactam) is a cephalosporin and beta-lactamase inhibitor combination for the treatment of 90015 complicated urinary tract infections 90016 including pyelonephritis. Zerbaxa was first approved in December 2014. 90020 90019 Zerbaxa is given as an intravenous infusion every 8 hours. Dosage adjustments are required in patients with varying degrees of kidney impairment. 90020 90033 90002 90015 See also 90016: 90015 Treatment Options for UTIs 90016 90003 90006 Are there any over-the-counter antibiotics for UTIs? 90007 90002 Over-the-counter (OTC) antibiotics for a UTI are not available.You should see your doctor to have your symptoms evaluated. 90003 90002 Your provider may recommend an OTC product called Uristat (phenazopyridine) to numb your bladder and urethra to ease the burning pain during urination. Uristat can be bought without a prescription at the pharmacy. A similar phenazopyridine product called Pyridium is also available. 90003 90002 Take phenazopyridine for only 48 hours, and be aware it may cause your urine to turn a brown, orange or red color which may stain fabrics or contact lenses.It may be best to not wear contact lenses while being treated with phenazopyridine. 90003 90002 Phenazopyridine is not an antibiotic and will not cure a UTI. 90003 90002 90015 See also: Ratings of Urinary Anti-Infectives 90016 90003 90006 What if I have frequent, recurring UTIs? 90007 90002 Within a year of havig a UTI infection, roughy one-quarter to one-half of women will have another UTI. For these women antibiotic prophylaxis (medication to help prevent a UTI) may be recommended by her health care provider.With a recurrent course of UTIs, a urine culture or imaging tests may be required for further analysis. 90003 90002 For recurrent UTIs, there are several antibiotic options for prevention: 90003 90018 90019 A shorter course (3 days) of antibiotics at the first sign of UTI symptoms; a prescription may be given to you to keep at home. 90020 90019 A longer course of low-dose antibiotic therapy. 90020 90019 Take a single dose of an antibiotic after sexual intercourse. 90020 90033 90002 The choice of antibiotic is based on previous UTIs, effectiveness, and patient-specific factors such as allergies and cost.Antibiotics commonly used for recurrent UTIs can include sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, cefaclor, or cephalexin. 90003 90002 In postmenopausal women with vaginal dryness that may be leading to recurrent UTIs, vaginal estrogen may be an effective treatment. Treatment options your doctor might recommend include: Estring (a vaginal ring), Vagifem (vaginal tablet insert), or vaginal estrogen creams (examples: Premarin, Vagifem, Yuvafem). 90003 90006 Can I treat a UTI without antibiotics? 90007 90002 UTI treatment without antibiotics is NOT usually recommended.An early UTI, such as a bladder infection (cystitis), can worsen over time, leading to a more severe kidney infection (pyelonephritis). However, a small study has suggested early, mild UTIs might clear up on their own. It’s always best to check with your doctor if you are having UTI symptoms. 90003 90002 Pregnant women should always see a doctor as soon as possible if they suspect they might have a UTI, as this can lead to a greater risk of delivering a low birth weight or premature infant. 90003 90006 Does cranberry juice prevent a UTI? 90007 90002 Some patients may want to use cranberry or cranberry juice as a home remedy to 90015 treat 90016 a UTI.Cranberry juice has 90015 not been shown to cure 90016 an ongoing bacterial infection in the bladder or kidney. 90003 90002 Cranberry has been studied as a preventive maintenance agent for UTIs. Studies are mixed on whether cranberry can really prevent a UTI. Cranberry may work by preventing bacteria from sticking to the inside of the bladder; however, it would take a large amount of cranberry juice to prevent bacterial adhesion. More recent research suggests cranberries may have no effect on preventing a UTI 90003 90018 90019 According to one expert, the active ingredient in cranberries — A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) — are effective against UTI-causing bacteria, but is only in highly concentrated cranberry capsules, not in cranberry juice.90020 90019 However, cranberry was not proven to prevent recurrent UTIs in several well-controlled studies, as seen in a 2012 meta-analysis of 24 trials published by the Cochrane group. 90020 90019 While studies are not conclusive, there is no harm in drinking cranberry juice. However, if you develop symptoms, see your doctor. Some people find large quantities of cranberry juice upsetting to the stomach. 90020 90033 90002 The effectiveness of many herbal or home remedies may not have been scientifically tested to the same degree as prescription medications — or at all.Over-the-counter herbal products and dietary supplements are not regulated by the FDA. Side effects and drug interactions may still occur with alternative treatments. Always check with your health care professional before using an over-the-counter, herbal or dietary supplement for any condition. In most cases, an antibiotic is the best treatment for a UTI. 90003 90002 Increasing fluid intake like water, avoiding use of spermicides, and urinating after intercourse may be helpful in preventing UTIs, although limited data is available.90003 90006 More Resources 90007 90006 Symptom Checker 90007 90006 See Also 90007 90006 Sources 90007 90293 90019 Jepson RG, Williams G, Craig JC. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 10: CD001321. Accessed June 3, 2019 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076891 90020 90019 Lala V, Minter DA. Acute Cystitis. [Updated 2019 Mar 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from: https: // www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459322/ 90020 90019 Hooton T, et al. Patient education: Urinary tract infections in adolescents and adults (Beyond the Basics). Oct 11, 2018. Accessed June 3, 2019 at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/urinary-tract-infections-in-adolescents-and-adults-beyond-the-basics 90020 90019 Avycaz Product Label. Allergan. Accessed May 30, 2019 at https://www.allergan.com/assets/pdf/avycaz_pi 90020 90019 Acute complicated urinary tract infection (including pyelonephritis) in adults.Up to Date. April 1, 2019. Accessed June 3, 2019 at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-complicated-urinary-tract-infection-including-pyelonephritis-in-adults 90020 90019 FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA advises restricting fluoroquinolone antibiotic use for certain uncomplicated infections; warns about disabling side effects that can occur together. May 12, 2016. Accessed on June 4, 2019 at http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm500143.htm 90020 90306 90006 Further information 90007 90002 Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.90003 90002 Medical Disclaimer 90003 .90000 Antibiotics: List of Common Antibiotics & Types 90001 90002 Medically reviewed by Leigh Ann Anderson, PharmD Last updated on Jun 11, 2019. 90003 90002 When To Use | When NOT To Use | Top 10 Infections Treated | Top 10 Generic Drugs | Top 10 Brand Drugs | Antibiotic Class Types | OTC Options | More Resources 90003 90006 Taking Antibiotics 90007 90002 You’ve most likely taken an antibiotic or anti-infective at least once in your lifetime. From treatments for painful strep throat or ear infections as a child, to burning urinary tract infections or itchy skin infections as an adult, antibiotics are one of the most highly utilized and important medication classes we have in medicine.90003 90002 Understanding the vast world of antibiotics and anti-infectives is no easy task. 90011 Anti-infectives 90012 are a large class of drugs that cover a broad range of infections, including fungal, viral, bacterial, and even protozoal infections. 90003 90014 90015 Athletes foot? That’s a common fungal infection. 90016 90015 HIV? Antiviral medications are always needed. 90016 90015 Bladder infection? Yes, that may need a common oral antibiotic. 90016 90015 Head lice? A topical anti-parasitic can alleviate the itching.90016 90023 90002 There is no one type of antibiotic that cures every infection. 90011 Antibiotics 90012 specifically treat infections caused by bacteria, such as Staph., Strep., Or E. coli., And either kill the bacteria (bactericidal) or keep it from reproducing and growing (bacteriostatic). Antibiotics do not work against any viral infection. 90003 90006 When To Use Antibiotics 90007 90002 Antibiotics are specific for the type of bacteria being treated and, in general, can not be interchanged from one infection to another.When antibiotics are used correctly, they are usually safe with few side effects. 90003 90002 However, as with most drugs, antibiotics can lead to side effects that may range from being a nuisance to serious or life-threatening. In infants and the elderly, in patients with kidney or liver disease, in pregnant or breastfeeding women, and in many other patient groups antibiotic doses may need to be adjusted based upon the specific characteristics of the patient, like kidney or liver function, weight, or age.Drug interactions can also be common with antibiotics. Health care providers are able to assess each patient individually to determine the correct antibiotic and dose. 90003 90006 When NOT To Use Antibiotics 90007 90002 Antibiotics are not the correct choice for all infections. For example, most sore throats, cough and colds, flu or acute sinusitis are viral in origin (not bacterial) and do not need an antibiotic. These viral infections are «self-limiting», meaning that your own immune system will usually kick in and fight the virus off.In fact, using antibiotics for viral infections can increase the risk for antibiotic resistance, lower the options for future treatments if an antibiotic is needed, and put a patient at risk for side effects and extra cost due to unnecessary drug treatment. 90003 90002 Antibiotic resistant bacteria can not be fully inhibited or killed by an antibiotic, even though the antibiotic may have worked effectively before the resistance occurred. Do not share your antibiotic or take medicine that was prescribed for someone else, and do not save an antibiotic to use the next time you get sick.90003 90002 To better understand antibiotics, it’s best to break them down into common infections, common antibiotics, and the top antibiotic classes as listed in Drugs.com. 90003 90006 Top 10 List of Common Infections Treated with Antibiotics 90007 90044 90015 Acne 90016 90015 Bronchitis 90016 90015 Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) 90016 90015 Otitis Media (Ear Infection) 90016 90015 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s) 90016 90015 Skin or Soft Tissue Infection 90016 90015 Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat) 90016 90015 Traveler’s diarrhea 90016 90015 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 90016 90015 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) 90016 90065 90006 Top 10 List of Generic Antibiotics 90007 90044 90015 amoxicillin 90016 90015 doxycycline 90016 90015 cephalexin 90016 90015 ciprofloxacin 90016 90015 clindamycin 90016 90015 metronidazole 90016 90015 azithromycin 90016 90015 sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim 90016 90015 amoxicillin and clavulanate 90016 90015 levofloxacin 90016 90065 90006 Top 10 List of Brand Name Antibiotics 90007 90044 90015 Augmentin 90016 90015 Flagyl, Flagyl ER 90016 90015 Amoxil 90016 90015 Cipro 90016 90015 Keflex 90016 90015 Bactrim, Bactrim DS 90016 90015 Levaquin 90016 90015 Zithromax 90016 90015 Avelox 90016 90015 Cleocin 90016 90065 90006 Top 10 List of Antibiotic Classes (Types of Antibiotics) 90007 90044 90015 Penicillins 90016 90015 Tetracyclines 90016 90015 Cephalosporins 90016 90015 Quinolones 90016 90015 Lincomycins 90016 90015 Macrolides 90016 90015 Sulfonamides 90016 90015 Glycopeptides 90016 90015 Aminoglycosides 90016 90015 Carbapenems 90016 90065 90002 Most antibiotics fall into their individual antibiotic classes.An antibiotic class is a grouping of different drugs that have similar chemical and pharmacologic properties. Their chemical structures may look comparable, and drugs within the same class may kill the same or related bacteria. 90003 90002 However, it is important not to use an antibiotic for an infection unless your doctor specifically prescribes it, even if it’s in the same class as another drug you were previously prescribed. Antibiotics are specific for the kind of bacteria they kill. Plus, you would need a full treatment regimen to effectively cure your infection, so do not use or give away leftover antibiotics.90003 90006 1. Penicillins 90007 90002 Another name for this class is the beta-lactam antibiotics, referring to their structural formula. The penicillin class contains five groups of antibiotics: aminopenicillins, antipseudomonal penicillins, beta-lactamase inhibitors, natural penicillins, and the penicillinase resistant penicillins. 90003 90002 Common antibiotics in the penicillin class include: 90003 90002 Certain penicillinase-resistant penicillins (such as oxacillin or dicloxacillin) are inherently resistant to certain beta-lactamase enzymes by themselves.Others, for example, amoxicillin or ampicillin have greater antibacterial activity when they are combined with a beta-lactamase inhibitor like clavulanate, sulbactam, or tazobactam. 90003 90150 View all penicillin drugs 90151 90006 2. Tetracyclines 90007 90002 Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum against many bacteria and treat conditions such as acne, urinary tract infections (UTIs), intestinal tract infections, eye infections, sexually transmitted diseases, periodontitis (gum disease), and other bacterial infections.The tetracycline class contains drugs such as: 90003 90150 View all tetracycline drugs 90151 90006 3. Cephalosporins 90007 90002 There are 90011 five generations of 90012 cephalosporins, with increasing expanded coverage across the class to include gram-negative infections. Newer generations with updated structures are developed to allow wider coverage of certain bacteria. Cephalosporins are bactericidal (kill bacteria) and work in a similar way as the penicillins. Cephalosporins treat many types of infections, including strep throat, ear infections, urinary tract infections, skin infections, lung infections, and meningitis.Common medications in this class include: 90003 90002 The fifth generation (or next generation) cephalosporin known as ceftaroline (Teflaro) is active against methicillin-resistant 90165 Staphylococcus aureus 90166 (MRSA). Avycaz contains the the beta-lactamase inhibitor avibactam. 90003 90150 View all cephalosporin drugs 90151 90006 4. Quinolones 90007 90002 The quinolones, also known as the fluoroquinolones, are a synthetic, bactericidal antibacterial class with a broad-spectrum of activity.The quinolones can be used for difficult-to-treat urinary tract infections when other options are are not effective, hospital-acquired pneumonia, bacterial prostatitis, and even anthrax or plague. 90003 90002 The FDA has issued several strong warnings about this class due to potential disabling side effects. 90011 Learn More: 90012 Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Drugs for Systemic Use: Drug Safety Communication — Warnings Updated Due to Disabling Side Effects 90003 90002 Common drugs in the fluoroquinolone class include: 90003 90002 Several quinolones are also available in drop form to treat eye or ear infections.90003 90150 View all quinolone drugs 90151 90006 5. Lincomycins 90007 90002 This class has activity against gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes (bacteria that can live without oxygen), as well as some gram-negative anaerobes. The lincomycin derivatives may be used to treat serious infections like pelvic inflammatory disease, intra-abdominal infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and bone and joint infections. Some forms are also used topically on the skin to treat acne. These drugs include: 90003 90150 View all lincomycin drugs 90151 90006 6.Macrolides 90007 90002 The macrolides can be use to treat community-acquired pneumonia, pertussis (whooping cough), or for uncomplicated skin infections, among other susceptible infections. Ketolides are a newer generation of antibiotic developed to overcome macrolide bacterial resistance. Frequently prescribed macrolides are: 90003 90150 90011 View all macrolide drugs 90012 90151 90006 7. Sulfonamides 90007 90002 Sulfonamides are effective against some gram-positive and many gram-negative bacteria, but resistance is widespread.Uses for sulfonamides include urinary tract infections (UTIs), treatment or prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia, or ear infections (otitis media). Familiar names include: 90003 90150 View all sulfonamides drugs 90151 90006 8. Glycopeptide Antibiotics 90007 90002 Members of this group may be used for treating methicillin-resistant 90165 staphylococcus aureus 90166 (MRSA) infections, complicated skin infections, C. difficile-associated diarrhea, and enterococcal infections such as endocarditis which are resistant to beta-lactams and other antibiotics.Common drug names include: 90003 90150 View all glycopeptide drugs 90151 90006 9. Aminoglycosides 90007 90002 Aminoglycosides inhibit bacterial synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome and act rapidly as bactericidal antibiotics (killing the bacteria). These drugs are usually given intravenously (in a vein through a needle). Common examples in this class are: 90003 90150 View all aminoglycoside drugs 90151 90006 10. Carbapenems 90007 90002 These injectable beta-lactam antibiotics have a wide spectrum of bacteria-killing power and may be used for moderate to life-threatening bacterial infections like stomach infections, pneumonias, kidney infections, multidrug-resistant hospital-acquired infections and many other types of serious bacterial illnesses.They are often saved for more serious infections or used as «last-line» agents to help prevent resistance. Members of this class include: 90003 90150 View all carbapenems drugs 90151 90006 Are There Any Over-the-Counter Antibiotics? 90007 90002 Over-the-counter (OTC) oral antibiotics are not approved in the U.S. A bacterial infection is best treated with a prescription antibiotic that is specific for the type of bacteria causing the infection. Using a specific antibiotic will increase the chances that the infection is cured and help to prevent antibiotic resistance.In addition, a lab culture may need to be performed to pinpoint the bacteria and to help select the best antibiotic. Taking the wrong antibiotic — or not enough — may worsen the infection and prevent the antibiotic from working the next time. 90003 90002 There are a few over-the-counter topical antibiotics that can be used on the skin. Some products treat or prevent minor cuts, scrapes or burns on the skin that may get infected with bacteria. These are available in creams, ointments, and even sprays.90003 90150 Common OTC topical antibiotics: 90151 90002 There are some OTC antibacterials for treating acne, too. They contain the antibacterial benzoyl peroxide, which also has mild drying effect for acne. Many products are found on the pharmacy shelves as gels, lotions, solutions, foams, cleaning pads, and even facial scrubs. 90003 90150 Common OTC antibacterials for acne: 90151 90006 See Also 90007 90006 Further information 90007 90002 Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.90003 90002 Medical Disclaimer 90003 .90000 Antibiotic resistance 90001 90002 Introduction 90003 90004 Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines. 90005 90004 Bacteria, not humans or animals, become antibiotic-resistant. These bacteria may infect humans and animals, and the infections they cause are harder to treat than those caused by non-resistant bacteria. 90005 90004 Antibiotic resistance leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality.90005 90004 The world urgently needs to change the way it prescribes and uses antibiotics. Even if new medicines are developed, without behaviour change, antibiotic resistance will remain a major threat. Behaviour changes must also include actions to reduce the spread of infections through vaccination, hand washing, practising safer sex, and good food hygiene. 90005 90002 Scope of the problem 90003 90004 Antibiotic resistance is rising to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world. New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases.A growing list of infections — such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, blood poisoning, gonorrhoea, and foodborne diseases — are becoming harder, and sometimes impossible, to treat as antibiotics become less effective. 90005 90004 Where antibiotics can be bought for human or animal use without a prescription, the emergence and spread of resistance is made worse. Similarly, in countries without standard treatment guidelines, antibiotics are often over-prescribed by health workers and veterinarians and over-used by the public.90005 90004 Without urgent action, we are heading for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can once again kill. 90005 90002 Prevention and control 90003 90004 Antibiotic resistance is accelerated by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, as well as poor infection prevention and control. Steps can be taken at all levels of society to reduce the impact and limit the spread of resistance. 90005 90024 Individuals 90025 90004 To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, individuals can: 90005 90028 90029 Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a certified health professional.90030 90029 Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you do not need them. 90030 90029 Always follow your health worker’s advice when using antibiotics. 90030 90029 Never share or use leftover antibiotics. 90030 90029 Prevent infections by regularly washing hands, preparing food hygienically, avoiding close contact with sick people, practising safer sex, and keeping vaccinations up to date. 90030 90029 Prepare food hygienically, following the WHO Five Keys to Safer Food (keep clean, separate raw and cooked, cook thoroughly, keep food at safe temperatures, use safe water and raw materials) and choose foods that have been produced without the use of antibiotics for growth promotion or disease prevention in healthy animals.90030 90041 90024 Policy makers 90025 90004 To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, policy makers can: 90005 90028 90029 Ensure a robust national action plan to tackle antibiotic resistance is in place. 90030 90029 Improve surveillance of antibiotic-resistant infections. 90030 90029 Strengthen policies, programmes, and implementation of infection prevention and control measures. 90030 90029 Regulate and promote the appropriate use and disposal of quality medicines. 90030 90029 Make information available on the impact of antibiotic resistance.90030 90041 90024 Health professionals 90025 90004 To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, health professionals can: 90005 90028 90029 Prevent infections by ensuring your hands, instruments, and environment are clean. 90030 90029 Only prescribe and dispense antibiotics when they are needed, according to current guidelines. 90030 90029 Report antibiotic-resistant infections to surveillance teams. 90030 90029 Talk to your patients about how to take antibiotics correctly, antibiotic resistance and the dangers of misuse.90030 90029 Talk to your patients about preventing infections (for example, vaccination, hand washing, safer sex, and covering nose and mouth when sneezing). 90030 90041 90024 Healthcare industry 90025 90004 To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, the health industry can: 90005 90028 90029 Invest in research and development of new antibiotics, vaccines, diagnostics and other tools. 90030 90041 90024 Agriculture sector 90025 90004 To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, the agriculture sector can: 90005 90028 90029 Only give antibiotics to animals under veterinary supervision.90030 90029 Not use antibiotics for growth promotion or to prevent diseases in healthy animals. 90030 90029 Vaccinate animals to reduce the need for antibiotics and use alternatives to antibiotics when available. 90030 90029 Promote and apply good practices at all steps of production and processing of foods from animal and plant sources. 90030 90029 Improve biosecurity on farms and prevent infections through improved hygiene and animal welfare. 90030 90041 90002 Recent developments 90003 90004 While there are some new antibiotics in development, none of them are expected to be effective against the most dangerous forms of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.90005 90004 Given the ease and frequency with which people now travel, antibiotic resistance is a global problem, requiring efforts from all nations and many sectors. 90005 90002 Impact 90003 90004 When infections can no longer be treated by first-line antibiotics, more expensive medicines must be used. A longer duration of illness and treatment, often in hospitals, increases health care costs as well as the economic burden on families and societies. 90005 90004 Antibiotic resistance is putting the achievements of modern medicine at risk.Organ transplantations, chemotherapy and surgeries such as caesarean sections become much more dangerous without effective antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of infections. 90005 90002 WHO response 90003 90004 Tackling antibiotic resistance is a high priority for WHO. A global action plan on antimicrobial resistance, including antibiotic resistance, was endorsed at the World Health Assembly in May 2015. The global action plan aims to ensure prevention and treatment of infectious diseases with safe and effective medicines.90005 90004 The «Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance» has 5 strategic objectives: 90005 90028 90029 To improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance. 90030 90029 To strengthen surveillance and research. 90030 90029 To reduce the incidence of infection. 90030 90029 To optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines. 90030 90029 To ensure sustainable investment in countering antimicrobial resistance. 90030 90041 90004 A political declaration endorsed by Heads of State at the United Nations General Assembly in New York in September 2016 signaled the world’s commitment to taking a broad, coordinated approach to address the root causes of antimicrobial resistance across multiple sectors, especially human health, animal health and agriculture.WHO is supporting Member States to develop national action plans on antimicrobial resistance, based on the global action plan. 90005 90004 WHO has been leading multiple initiatives to address antimicrobial resistance: 90005 90024 World Antimicrobial Awareness Week 90025 90004 Held annually since 2015 року, WAAW is a global campaign that aims to increase awareness of antimicrobial resistance worldwide and to encourage best practices among the general public, health workers and policy makers to avoid the further emergence and spread of drug-resistant infections.Antimicrobials are critical tools in helping to fight diseases in humans, animals and plants. They include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiprotozoa. WAAW takes place every year from 18 to 24 November. The slogan has previously been, «Antibiotics: Handle with Care» but changed to «Antimicrobials: Handle with Care» in 2020 to reflect the broadening scope of drug resistant infections. 90005 90024 The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) 90025 90004 The WHO-supported system supports a standardized approach to the collection, analysis and sharing of data related to antimicrobial resistance at a global level to inform decision-making, drive local, national and regional action.90005 90024 Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP) 90025 90004 A joint initiative of WHO and Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), GARDP encourages research and development through public-private partnerships. By 2023, the partnership aims to develop and deliver up to four new treatments, through improvement of existing antibiotics and acceleration of the entry of new antibiotic drugs. 90005 90024 Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (IACG) 90025 90004 The United Nations Secretary-General has established IACG to improve coordination between international organizations and to ensure effective global action against this threat to health security.The IACG is co-chaired by the UN Deputy Secretary-General and the Director General of WHO and comprises high level representatives of relevant UN agencies, other international organizations, and individual experts across different sectors. 90005 90004 90005.